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 从 信仰 哲学 科学 工程 技术 几个层面 谈谈 中医 PK 西医 【海龟网最高科学成就奖候选论文】 |
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从 信仰 哲学 科学 工程 技术 几个层面 谈谈 中医 PK 西医 【海龟网最高科学成就奖候选论文】 -- 咯咯乌 - (3264 Byte) 2006-10-25 周三, 00:35 (3572 reads) |
咯咯乌
头衔: 海归中校
声望: 教授
性别:  年龄: -317
加入时间: 2006/07/14
文章: 2122
来自: 森林边上的小木屋
海归分: 41890
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作者：咯咯乌 在 海归商务 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
主题: 看不懂就查书. 翻译: 什么是”科学” translated by guest273
from What is Science?
More Readings: Articles & Resources Sort By : Guide Picks Science is Not a Religion: Why Science and Scientific Research are not ReligionsCalling science a religion should be instantly recognized as an ideological attack rather than a neutral observation of facts. Sadly this is not the case, and it has become far too common for critics of modern, godless science to claim that it's inherently a religion, thus hoping to discredit scientific research when it contradicts genuine religious ideology. Examining the characteristics which define religions as distinct from other types of belief systems reveals how wrong such claims are. Values of Godless Science: Modern Science Needs No Religion or Gods for ValuesIt is commonly claimed by both critics and supporters that modern science is value-free. This is false, though it is true that science lacks many of the values traditionally ascribed to religion and doesn't make any value judgments about the use of scientific knowledge. On the other hand, the very ability of science to function as it does, and so successfully, is dependent upon a set of very important values. Some of those values are explained here. Godless Science: Modern Science is Secular, Godless, Based On NaturalismA primary target of the Christian Right in America is secular, godless science. Modern science relies on methodological naturalism, which means that it doesn’t incorporate any supernatural or religious assumptions and doesn’t seek any religious or supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. This outrages believers who think that their religious and theistic beliefs should be incorporated into everything in life. In fact, though, modern science has to be secular and godless. How Does Science Work?Questions about the nature and function of science have been topics of debate for as long as science has existed. That science works, and works well, is obvious - but it would help to better understand how it works and why it works so well. Then we have a chance to improve it, avoid future problems, and maybe apply the lessons elsewhere. Science & Ignorance: Does Science Increase or Decrease Knowledge?Most people assume that science increases the amount of knowledge we have about the universe. Generally speaking, that's true and it's why science is so important; sometimes, though, science can actually decrease 'knowledge' because it reveals that what we thought we knew to be true wasn't true at all but without providing solid facts as a replacement. What is Science: Profile of Science, the Scientific Method, and How Science WorksDistinguishing modern science from other endeavors requires focusing in particular on its methodology - the means by which it achieves results. Fundamentally, then, science can be characterized as a method of obtaining reliable - though not infallible - knowledge about the universe around us. This knowledge includes both descriptions of what happens and explanations of why it happens. What is Philosophy of Science?The Philosophy of Science is concerned with science - specifically, how science operates, what the goals of science should be, what relationship science should have with the rest of society, the differences between science and other activities, etc. Everything that happens in science has some relationship with the Philosophy of Science. What is Science?The definition of science poses problems for people. Everyone seems to have an idea of what science is, but actually articulating it proves difficult. Doing so, however, is necessary to understand what science really is and what science is not. Understanding science is, in turn, necessary because of its power and influence in modern society. Ignorance about science simply isn't a viable option. Alternatives to Science: Can Reliable Knowledge Be Produced Outside Science?Apologists for unscientific beliefs declare sooner or later that ‘Science does not have all the answers.’ Since nobody in the history of modern science has ever said it does, we could dismiss this objection for the irrelevancy that it is and move on to more pertinent issues. However, we may suppose that the apologist is actually objecting, not to an imagined claim by scientists that they have all the answers, but to an inferred claim by the skeptic that no other answers are worth considering. What is the Scientific Method?Science is effectively defined by the method which actual scientists use in order to make discoveries and generally produce knowledge about the universe around us. It is this method which distinguishes the scientific process from other, generally less successful, attempts to produce knowledge about the world. Scientific TheoriesOnce you understand how the scientific method works, the next step in understanding science is understanding the nature of scientific theories. If scientific observations are the fuel which power scientific discoveries, then scientific theories are the engine. Theories are what allow scientists to organize and understand earlier observations, then predict and create future observations. Scientific LawsIf science does not claim to arrive at absolute, definitive truth, then what are scientific laws? Doesn't the existence of a law imply the existence of a truth, not to mention a lawgiver? And if science does not provide us with truth, does that mean that science does not deal with facts? Hypothesis, Theories, and FactsThe confusion over the use of the terms hypothesis and theory can be difficult to sort out. We have popular usage, popular impression of how scientists use the terms, and how the terms actually get used in science. All three perspectives share some things in common, but none of them match completely. Technology and Religion, Technology as ReligionCommon thinking among secularists and nonbelievers of various sorts tends to be that religion and science are fundamentally incompatible. This incompatibility is also imagined to extend to the relationship between religion and technology, since technology is so often a product of science and science cannot proceed without technology, especially today.
作者：咯咯乌 在 海归商务 发贴, 来自【海归网】 http://www.haiguinet.com
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